Quantum Vacuum Energy Density Research Articles

Vacuum Energy, the Casimir Effect, and Newton’s Non-Constant

The idea of quantum mechanical vacuum energy contributing to the cosmological vacuum energy density is not new. However, despite the persisting cosmological constant problem, few investigations have focused on this subject. We explore the possibility that the quantum vacuum energy density contributes to the (local) gravitational energy density in the framework of a scale-dependent cosmological constant Λ and Newton’s constant G. This hypothesis has several important consequences, ranging from quantum scale-dependence to the hypothetical prospect of novel experimental insight concerning the quantum origin of cosmological energy density.

Speed of Light and Variable Energy Density of a Dynamic Three-Dimensional Quantum Vacuum

Speed of Light and Variable Energy Density of a Dynamic Three-Dimensional Quantum Vacuum

Brownian motion and polarized three-dimensional quantum vacuum

A nonlinear model of Brownian motion is developed in a three-dimensional quantum vacuum defined by a variable quantum vacuum energy density corresponding to processes of creation/annihilation of virtual particles. In this model, the polarization of the quantum vacuum determined by a perturbative fluctuation of the quantum vacuum energy density associated with a fluctuating viscosity, which mimics the action of dark matter, emerges as the fundamental entity which generates the Brownian motion.

Casimir effect in space-times of rotating wormholes

We investigate the Casimir effect between parallel plates placed along a circular trajectory around the rotating Damour–Solodkhin (D–S) and Teo wormholes. This is made through the calculation of the renormalized quantum vacuum energy density of a massless scalar field obeying the Dirichlet boundary conditions, initially at zero temperature. We use the zero tidal approximation inside the cavity. Then, we compare our results with those ones previously obtained in the literature with respect to the Kerr black hole. We also compare the computed Casimir energy density in a static D–S wormhole spacetime with that one recently found for a static Ellis wormhole. In what follows, we investigate the effect around the rotating Teo wormhole by calculating the Casimir energy density between the plates, and compare it with the same quantities obtained previously. Finally, we investigate the phenomenon at finite temperature, obtaining some Casimir thermodynamic quantities in the rotating D–S wormhole spacetime, comparing them with the ones valid in the Kerr black hole spacetime. With this, the ways as gravito-inertial and frame dragging effects influence the vacuum quantum fluctuations inside the Casimir apparatus allows to distinct among the different types of rotating wormholes and black holes.

About dark matter as an emerging entity from elementary energy density fluctuations of a three-dimensional quantum vacuum

A new suggestive explanation of dark matter as an emerging phenomenon determined by the polarization of a three-dimensional quantum vacuum, i.e., by opportune quantum vacuum energy density fluctuations, associated with processes of manifestation/demanifestation of virtual pairs of particles-antiparticles, in a background characterized by a fluctuating viscosity, is proposed. It is shown that the observed flattening of the orbital speeds of the arms of spiral galaxies is generated by an appropriate perturbative fluctuation of energy density of the three-dimensional quantum vacuum, which corresponds to a degree of viscosity, on the ultra-low frequencies. In this approach, a unifying re-reading of ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy as phenomena deriving from the energy density fluctuations of the same three-dimensional quantum vacuum is obtained.

Thermodynamics of Moving Bodies or a New Approach to Emergent Gravity

Recent theoretical developments propose that gravity is emergent phenomenon. In line with this, in this paper, we show that gravitational and inertial properties of matter can be sufficiently explained by thermodynamics for a system consisting of material systems immersed in the quantum vacuum energy reservoir without reference to the microscopic constituencies of the quantum vacuum. The study focuses on the transfer of energy and matter in the interaction of material system with its vacuum surroundings and the relation of those to the system's macroscopic state variables and mechanical behavior of the system associated with forces acting on it. This analysis suggests that vacuum energy density about material systems is diminished and quantum vacuum energy density field takes on specific gradient there. Hence, gravity appears as effect of the change in the energy density of medium related with presence of another material object modifying vacuum surroundings and causing spontaneous motion of the system to minimize its energy driven by the second law. Whereas, inertia is explained to be an emergent thermodynamic effect of the change in the vacuum energy field about objects associated with the alteration of energy of systems itself due to the transfer of energy between systems to its surroundings. When those energy transfer operations do not comply with the second law of thermodynamic in terms of direction and rate of the energy flow, there will be generated resistance to the imposed changes known as inertial force. In such representation the equivalence principle finds unique definition revealing its origin.

Quantum Relativity: Variable Energy Density of Quantum Vacuum as the Origin of Mass, Gravity and the Quantum Behaviour

In Quantum Relativity, time and space are separated. Time is the numerical order of material changes, and space is the medium, in which these changes take place. Space has the origin in a three-dimensional quantum vacuum defined by fluctuations of the energy density corresponding to elementary RS (reduction state) processes of creation/annihilation of elementary quanta. Quantum Relativity provides a unifying approach to special relativity, general relativity, and quantum mechanics. Each physical object from the micro- to the macroscale can be derived from an opportune diminishing of the quantum vacuum energy density. In particular, the variable energy density of space in Quantum Relativity corresponds to the curvature of space in general relativity. In quantum theory, the behavior of each subatomic particle follows from opportune elementary RS processes of creation/annihilation of quanta guided by a quantum potential of the vacuum. Finally, the perspectives of this model regarding the view of gravity and quantum as two aspects of the same coin and the electroweak scale are analyzed.

Dynamic Quantum Vacuum and Relativity

<p>A model of a three-dimensional dynamic quantum vacuum with variable energy density is proposed. In this model, time we measure with clocks is only a mathematical parameter of changes running in quantum vacuum. Mass and gravity are carried by the variable energy density of quantum vacuum. Each elementary particle is a structure of quantum vacuum and diminishes the quantum vacuum energy density. Symmetry “particle – diminished energy density of quantum vacuum” is the fundamental symmetry of the universe which gives origin to the inertial and gravitational mass. Special relativity’s Sagnac effect in GPS system and important predictions of general relativity such as precessions of the planets, the Shapiro time delay of light signals in a gravitational field and the geodetic and frame-dragging effects recently tested by Gravity Probe B, have origin in the dynamics of the quantum vacuum which rotates with the earth.</p>

About Dark Energy and Dark Matter in a Three-Dimensional Quantum Vacuum Model

A model of a three-dimensional quantum vacuum based on Planck energy density as a universal property of a granular space is suggested. The possibility to provide an unifying explanation of dark matter and dark energy as phenomena linked with the fluctuations of the three-dimensional quantum vacuum is explored. The changes and fluctuations of the quantum vacuum energy density generate a curvature of space–time similar to the curvature produced by a “dark energy” density. The formation of large scale structures in the universe associated to the flattening of the orbital speeds of the spiral galaxies can be explained in terms of primary fluctuations of the quantum vacuum energy density without attracting the idea of dark matter.

About a Three-Dimensional Quantum Vacuum as the Ultimate Origin of Gravity, Electromagnetic Field, Dark Energy ... and Quantum Behavior

A unification model where matter is a structure of energy of a three-dimensional quantum vacuum and diminishes its energy density is proposed. Mass and gravity are carried by variable energy density of the three-dimensional quantum vacuum. Electric field and magnetic field are carried by regions of polarized quantum vacuum generated by appropriate oscillations depending on fluctuations of the quantum vacuum energy density. The quantum behavior of matter derives directly from elementary energy fluctuations of the three-dimensional quantum vacuum. Dark energy is itself energy of the three-dimensional quantum vacuum.

UDE Cosmology Without Higgs Boson and Without Graviton

Einstein formalism E=m∙c2 describes relation between energy and mass. The missing equation is how mass is related with gravity. In this paper we will show that energy, mass and gravity which of a given particle have all origin in variable energy density of quantum vacuum. Quantum vacuum of Planck metrics is a fundamental arena of the universe. Every particle is made out of quantum vacuum energy and diminishes its energy density accordingly to the amount of its energy. Diminished energy density of quantum vacuum gives origin to inertial and to gravitational mass. Variable energy density of quantum vacuum is governing entire cosmic dynamics.

Space-Time Curvature Of General Relativity And Energy Density Of A Three-Dimensional Quantum Vacuu

AbstractA three-dimensional quantum vacuum condensate is introduced as a fundamental medium from which gravity emerges in a geometro-hydrodynamic limit. In this approach, the curvature of space-time characteristic of general relativity is obtained as a mathematical value of a more fundamental actual variable energy density of quantum vacuum which has a concrete physical meaning. The fluctuations of the quantum vacuum energy density suggest an interesting solution for the dark energy problem.

Gravitational “Constant” G as a Function of Quantum Vacuum Energy Density and its Dependence on the Distance from Mass

In a previous paper the author has shown the gravitational constant ruling Newton’s law can be expressed as a function of quantum variables related to Zero Point Field as Planck’s time and quantum vacuum energy density. On the other hand the quantum vacuum energy density has been proved to be modified by the presence of a mass within the volume occupied by the mass itself and in the space surrounding it. Furthermore, according to the Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity the same mass determines a gravitational potential that alters the speed of light, the clock’s rate and the particle size as a function of the distance the distance from the center of mass. All these considerations strongly suggest that also the constant G could be expressed as a function of quantum vacuum energy density somehow depending on the distance from the mass whose presence modifies the Zero Point Field energy structure. In this paper, starting from the idea of inertial mass of a body as the seat of standing waves of Zero Point Field and from the picture of a fluid-like model of space, it has been established a model in which the gravitational constant G is expressed as a function of Quantum Vacuum energy density in turn depending on the radial distance from center of the mass originating the gravitational field, supposed as spherically symmetric. The proposed model suggests the gravitational “constant” G could be not truly unchanging but varying as a function of the distance from the mass originating gravitational potential itself, whose approximate analytic expression has been also found and discussed. Finally a possible experimental test of the model, making use of precise measurements on a satellite has been outlined. The proposed theoretical model could be able to give valuable insights into a deeper understanding of the true origin and dynamics of gravity as well as the theoretical basis for unthinkable applications related, for example, to the field of gravity control and space propulsion.

Quantum Vacuum Energy, Gravity Manipulation and the Force Generated by the Interaction between High-Potential Electric Fields and Zero-Point-Field

The idea of manipulating and using the energy associated to electrodynamic quantum vacuum, also known as Zero Point Energy (ZPE), for technological applications as, for example, interstellar space propulsion, represents one of the most challenging question both in theoretical and applied physics. During the past years B.Haish, A.Rueda and H.E.Puthoff proposed a model according to which inertia could be considered as the electromagnetic reaction force to interaction between a body and quantum vacuum zero point field (ZPF), opening interesting perspectives about manipulating inertia by electromagnetic fields. Nevertheless this theory, although interesting from both a theoretical and applicative point of view, is for from being complete and presents some questionable points. More recent results have suggested a novel model of quantum vacuum, ruled by “Planck metric” and characterized by an energy density field, able to give a novel interpretation of mass and gravity in terms of variation of such energy density. In this paper we’ll propose an extension of this model allowing the theoretical possibility of inertia and gravity strength manipulation, as well as a more fundamental theoretical explanation of some assumptions of the Haish, Rueda and Puthoff model. In particular, it will be shown that not only inertia but gravitational “constant” as well can be expressed as functions of quantum vacuum energy density, analyzing their relationships with the electromagnetic field, described by vector potential. Finally we will discuss the possibility of space propulsion system by considering the interaction between the zero-point field of the quantum vacuum and the high potential electric field generated in an asymmetrical capacitor, showing the resulting force is driven by quantum vacuum energy density.

量子真空能及其对引力规范理论的启示

电磁规范理论及其推广(Yang-Mills理论)在量子场论和粒子物理领域取得了成功要求引力理论也应当是某种局域规范对称下的规范场论；对于量子真空能巨大引力效应与宇宙学观察事实之间的矛盾等问题的探究表明传统引力理论可能是一个低能唯象理论，可能还存在新的高能引力相互作用基本理论。本文介绍了一个新的自旋联络引力规范理论，它以局域Lorentz群为规范对称群、以自旋仿射联络作为非Abel规范场。在低能条件下，我们可以获得一个度规的三阶微分方程作为引力场方程，而爱因斯坦引力场方程作为其一个首次积分解呈现。在该理论中，量子真空能巨大引力效应不再存在，并产生了一个等效宇宙学常数(作为首次积分解的积分常数)，这可能为解决宇宙学常数之谜提供了一条思路。对引力规范理论本身及其在宇宙学中的运用作了一些讨论, 如该引力规范理论会呈现一种准流体(它在四维宇宙中类似暗辐射；在五维宇宙中，则呈现更为丰富的物态)，因此基于该引力规范理论的五维宇宙学在不需要引入真实暗物质和暗能量的条件下也能产生等效的暗物质和暗能量效应。Since electromagnetic gauge theory and its generalization (Yang-Mills gauge field theory) have succeeded in quantum field theory and particle physics, it requires that the theory of gravitation also be a gauge field theory under certain local gauge symmetries, e.g., local Lorentz or Poincare invariance. The discrepancy between unusually large quantum vacuum energy density and ob-servational cosmology may indicate that the generic gravity theory of Einstein is a low-energy phenomenological theory, and a more fundamental theory of gravity might be hidden behind it. A new spin-connection gauge theory for gravitational interaction at high energies (close to the Planck energy scale) is introduced. In such a gravitational gauge field theory, the local Lorentz group is the gauge symmetry group, and the spin-affine connection serves as a non-Abel gauge field (fundamental dynamical variable). A third-order differential equation of metric can be obtained as the gravitational gauge field equation, where the Einstein field equation of gravitation is a first-integral solution. As the vacuum energy density is a constant, the covariant derivative of its energy-momentum tensor unavoidably vanishes. Therefore, the quantum vacuum energy term disappears in the gravitational gauge field equation, and the anomalously large vacuum energy density does not make a practical contribution to gravity. This would enable us to seek for a new route to the longstanding vacuum-energy cosmological constant problem. Some topics relevant to gravitational gauge theory and its applications in cosmology are also addressed. For example, the five-dimensional cosmology within the framework of the present gravitational gauge theory, in which a quasi fluid is emergent, can exhibit the effects of equivalent dark matter and dark energy.

Gravity Originates from Variable Energy Density of Quantum Vacuum

The physical understanding of the real mechanism of gravity is one of the most important questions in Physics. As we have already shown in a previous paper, the rest and relativistic mass of an elementary particle or body can be considered as having their origin in the diminished energy density of a Quantum Vacuum, characterized by a granular structure quantized through a Planck metric. The presence of massive bodies, from the scale of elementary particles to that of stellar objects and black holes, then determines Quantum Vacuum energy density gradients. In this paper we have proposed a novel physical model in which gravity is generated by the pressure of Quantum Vacuum in the direction of its own higher to lower density due to the presence of material objects or particles. In this picture gravity is an immediate and not – propagating action – at – a – distance interaction, resulting from the Quantum Vacuum dynamics, in turn related to fundamental properties of space itself only, not requiring the existence of the hypothetical graviton. Furthermore, the possibility to consider this Quantum Vacuum as a Bose – Einstein like condensate allows us to recover the large – scale description of the Universe consistent with General Relativity, viewed as the long – wavelength geometro – hydrodynamic limit of the Quantum Vacuum dynamics. The proposed model is also able to give a very simple explanation of: the equivalence between inertial and gravitational mass, the origin and dynamical behavior of dark matter and dark energy, the physical meaning of singularity in black hole, as well as to overcome some of the main difficulties of the Higgs model. Finally this model of gravity can be used as a starting point for a novel interpretation of the recently published data of BICEP2 radio telescope about the presumed indirect observation of gravitational wave

Motion of a mirror under infinitely fluctuating quantum vacuum stress

The actual value of the quantum vacuum energy density is generally regarded as irrelevant in non-gravitational physics. However, this paper gives a non-gravitational system where this value does have physical significance. The system is a mirror with an internal degree of freedom which interacts with a scalar field. We find that the force exerted on the mirror by the field vacuum undergoes wild fluctuations with a magnitude proportional to the value of the vacuum energy density, which is mathematically infinite. This infinite fluctuating force gives infinite instantaneous acceleration of the mirror. We show that this infinite fluctuating force and infinite instantaneous acceleration make sense because they will not result in infinite fluctuation of the mirror's position. On the contrary, the mirror's fluctuating motion will be confined in a small region due to two special properties of the quantum vacuum: (1) the vacuum friction which resists the mirror's motion and (2) the strong anti-correlation of vacuum fluctuations which constantly changes the direction of the mirror's infinite instantaneous acceleration and thus cancels the effect of infinities to make the fluctuation of the mirror's position finite.

Relativistic Energy and Mass Originate from Homogeneity of Space and Time and from Quantum Vacuum Energy Density

In a previous paper we have shown it is possible to build alternative versions of Special Theory of Relativity only considering homogeneity of space, of time and Relative Principle without invoking the postulate of invariance of light velocity in all the inertial frames. Within these alternatives, space and time transformations different than the Lorentz ones like, in particular, the Selleri inertial transformations, are possible. This has many important consequences as, for example, the need for the distinction between physical time as duration of change in space and mathematical time as a parameter quantifying this change as well as the anisotropy of one-way velocity of light. These results require a reformulation and a new understanding of relativistic energy and mass. In this paper we'll firstly show that, using only classical laws of Newtonian mechanics, classical electrodynamics and fundamental physical principles of homogeneity of space and time without referring to Theory of Relativity at all, it is possible to derive the correct form of fundamental equation E。= mc2, the relativistic energy and momentum of a free particle in a preferred inertial frame. This makes relativistic energy and mass to assume a realistic physical meaning and an unambiguous definition only when referred to this preferred inertial frame identified by inertial transformations. This special universal meaning of energy, not recognized by standard Theory of Relativity, in which relativistic energy can assume different and independent values in all the possible infinite inertial frames, appears to be related to the fundamental invariance properties of space itself on which inertial transformations are based. In order to explain the origin of relativistic energy and mass, a novel physical model, also coherent with experimental results, has been then proposed. According to our model, mass could be considered as a conventional view of more fundamental properties of space emerging from a quantum vacuum, ruled by the Planck metric, in which the most fundamental physical entity is represented by energy density. In this picture relativistic mass and energy are coherently expressed as a measure of the diminished energy density of quantum vacuum.

Vacuum Pressure, Dark Energy, and Dark Matter

It has been argued that the correct, that is, positive, sign of quantum vacuum energy density, or, more properly, negative sign of quantum vacuum pressure, requires not a very large, and to some extent model-independent, number, for example, ∼100, of additional, undiscovered fundamental bosonic particle species, absent in the standard model. Interpretation of the new particle species in terms of dark matter ones permits to qualitatively, and even quantitatively, connect all the three concepts given in the title.

Self-tuning vacuum variable and cosmological constant

A spacetime-independent variable is introduced which characterizes a Lorentz-invariant self-sustained quantum vacuum. For a perfect (Lorentz-invariant) quantum vacuum, the self-tuning of this variable nullifies the effective energy density which enters the low-energy gravitational field equations. The observed small but nonzero value of the cosmological constant may then be explained as corresponding to the effective energy density of an imperfect quantum vacuum (perturbed by, e.g., the presence of thermal matter)